Monitoring parameter monitor

ECG
ECG is one of the most basic monitoring items of the monitoring instrument, and the ECG signal is obtained by the electrode. The electrode is a disposable AS-AGCI button electrode.
Heart rate
Heart rate is the number of times per minute. Heart rate measurement is based on the ECG waveform, the instantaneous heart rate and the average heart rate were measured.
Healthy adults is 75 times per minute in a quiet state average heart rate, normal range of 60-100 / min. Under different physiological conditions, the lowest heart rate to 40-50 / min, up to 200 times / min.
Heart rate monitor alarm range: low limit high limit is 20-100 / min, 80-240 / min.
Breathing
Respiration is the respiratory rate of the patient's respiratory rate. Respiratory rate is the number of patients in the unit time, the unit is divided into.
Quiet breathing, adult newborn 60-70 / min, 12-18 / min.
There are two methods of measurement: thermal and impedance.
Heat sensitive breathing measurement is used in the nose, when the air flow through the thermal resistance, thermal resistance by the flow of heat exchange, resistance values change, so as to measure the frequency of breathing.
Impedance respiratory measurement is according to human respiratory movement, chest and arm muscles of alternating relaxation and thoracic also alternate deformation, impedance of body tissues, also alternate change and respiratory impedance (pulmonary impedance) and lung capacity exists certain relationship, pulmonary impedance with increasing lung volume increases. Impedance measurement is designed according to the changes of the pulmonary impedance.
In the monitoring measurement, the respiratory impedance electrode and the ECG electrode are used to detect the ECG signal and the respiratory impedance at the same time.
Blood pressure
Invasive blood pressure is the central venous pressure, left atrial pressure, cardiac output and cardiac catheterization.
Central venous pressure is a large vein or right atrium, which can reflect the whole venous return. The normal person is 6.7 - 10.7KPA, and the heart 3 failure patients can reach 22.7KPA.
The central venous pressure measurement method is to use the venous catheter from the jugular vein, femoral vein, the great vein into the inferior vena cava and right atrium at the junction of the central venous pressure.
Can be expressed in terms of left ventricular filling and discharge capacity of the left atrial pressure, left heart failure, glance right and left ventricle discharges hematic quantity to decrease, left atrial pressure, can cause emphysema and pulmonary congestion, but cardiac output also increases. Therefore, the monitoring and maintenance of appropriate left atrial pressure is very important to maintain the cardiac output.
The left atrial pressure was measured by inserting a catheter into the pulmonary artery, measuring the pulmonary arterial pressure and measuring the left atrial pressure.
Noninvasive blood pressure
Noninvasive blood pressure monitoring by Korotkoff sound detection with inflatable cuff blocking brachial artery. In the end resistance pressure drop will appear a series of different tone of voice, according to the tone and time can determine systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Korotkoff sound.
Care, the use of the microphone as sensor, when the cuff pressure is higher than the systolic blood pressure, vascular squashed, cuff blood stops flowing, the microphone signal. When the first microphone Shiyin Ke, corresponding to the pressure of systolic blood pressure cuff. Then measured again from the Shiyin Ke microphone noise reduction stage to the silent stage, corresponding to the pressure for diastolic blood pressure cuff.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is an important indicator to measure cardiac function, in some pathological conditions, cardiac output decreased, insufficient supply of nutrients to the body. Cardiac output is the heart per minute injection of blood and its determination is through a certain way will an indicator of the amount of injected into the blood, after diffusion in the blood. Determination of indicator changes to calculate cardiac output.
There are two methods for the determination of cardiac output: FICK method and thermal dilution method.
FICK method is in the open blood circulation, oxygen as an indicator, because the pulmonary capillary and pulmonary blood flow is proportional to the amount of oxygen exchange, and therefore can be measured by measuring the oxygen concentration of pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.
The thermal dilution method was used as an indicator of cold physiological saline, with the Swan-Ganz floating catheter as the cardiac catheterization. The heat resistance is placed in the pulmonary artery and the right atrium is injected with cold saline, so as to calculate the cardiac output.
Body temperature
Body temperature reflects the result of the body's metabolism, and it is one of the conditions for the normal function of the body. Temperature inside the body is called "body core temperature", reflecting the head or trunk condition, generally from mouth, armpit, rectum measurement, the Chinese people statistics show that oral temperature 36.7 - 37.7 degrees, 36.9 - 37.4 degrees under the armpit temperature, rectal temperature 36.9 - 37.9 degrees.
Pulse
The pulse is the phenomenon of the arterial blood vessel with the cardiac contraction, and the pulse contains a variety of physical quantities such as blood pressure, volume, displacement and wall tension.
Photoelectric measurement is the most common in the measurement of measurement. The sensor is composed of two parts, the light source and the photoelectric converter. It is sandwiched between the patient's finger tip and the ear. The light source selection of the arterial blood oxygen and hemoglobin selectively with a certain wavelength, preferably with light-emitting diode, its spectrum in the 7*10M - 6*10. This beam of light through the human peripheral blood vessels, when the blood volume changes, changes in the light transmittance of the light, the photoelectric converter to receive the transmission or reflection of the light, into the electrical signal transmission amplifier amplification and output, which reflects the volume changes in arterial blood vessels.
The pulse is the signal of the change of the pulse of the heart. The arterial blood vessel volume is changed periodically, and the signal of the photoelectric converter is the pulse rate.

Blood gas
Blood gas monitoring mainly refers to the oxygen partial pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) and oxygen saturation (Spo2).
Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to physical dissolution and chemical combination of the two kinds of state exists, it is because of the existence of chemical combination, the ability to transport O2 and Co2 to improve the ability of the blood.
Po2 is a measure of oxygen content in arterial blood vessels. Pco2 is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in the vein blood vessel.
In the transport of O2, O2 mainly and hemoglobin a combined form exists in the red blood cells, dissolved in negligible quantity, so per 100ml of blood, hemoglobin binds oxygen the maximum amount of said oxygen capacity, oxygen content, OCP), combined with the actual hemoglobin oxygen that oxygen content, oxygen content, OCN).
Oxygen saturation is the ratio of oxygen content and oxygen capacity.
The monitoring of oxygen saturation is also measured by photoelectric method, and the sensor is the same as the pulse. Po2 in the blood is high, blood is bright red, Po2 low blood is dark red. The photoelectric converter has low pass characteristics, when the light through different Po2 blood, the photoelectric converter to accept different frequency of the light, because of the low frequency of the photoelectric converter, so that different frequency of light through the photoelectric converter have different sensitivity. By measuring the sensitivity of the photoelectric converter, the Po2 can be determined, and then the Spo2 can be determined according to the curve of oxygen.